<div dir="ltr"><div><br></div>Yvonne,<div><br></div><div>Average referencing will not remove muscle artifact. You should either </div><div>delete stretches of data with lots of muscle, or try to filter using ICA or some </div>
<div>other method.</div><div><br></div><div>To answer your question about average reference, the conservative answer</div><div>is 64 electrodes. See the paper by Srinivasan R et al. (1998). That is if you </div><div>want the average reference to be interpretable as the voltages relative to </div>
<div>infinity. See the paper by Ferree T (2006). In practice 32 (or 26) electrodes</div><div>may give approximately the same result, but it is pushing the limits.</div><div><br></div><div>That said, you can compute the average reference for much fewer</div>
<div>electrodes, but you can't interpret that as voltages relative to infinity.</div><div>Rather the interpretation is limited to say that the average reference</div><div>is not explicitly dependent on any single electrode as reference, and </div>
<div>you are measuring relative to the ' spatial average' in some loose </div><div>statistical sense.</div><div><br></div><div>A final note, if you used linked-mastoid reference for acquisition,</div><div>in which the two mastoids were literally physically connected together</div>
<div>with a near zero-impedance wire path between them, then you can</div><div>not transform to average reference in any rigorous way. That setup</div><div>forces the potential at the two mastoid to be nearly equal, which is</div>
<div>surely not the case in the head without electrodes attached, and </div><div>that artifact is not eliminated by average reference. See discussion </div><div>in the text by Nunez and Srinivasan (2006).</div><div><br>-- <br>
Thomas Ferree, PhD<br>Department of Radiology<br>UT Southwestern Medical Center<br>Email: <a href="mailto:tom.ferree@gmail.com">tom.ferree@gmail.com</a><br>Voice: (214) 648-9767<br><div class="gmail_quote"><br></div><div class="gmail_quote">
On Tue, Sep 16, 2008 at 9:20 PM, Yvonne Tran <span dir="ltr"><<a href="mailto:Yvonne.Tran@uts.edu.au">Yvonne.Tran@uts.edu.au</a>></span> wrote:<br><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex;">
Dear All<br>
<br>
We are currently working with spinal cord injured participants and have recorded some oddball data. We have been using A1 and A2 mastoid for reference channels, however, with this particular group we are experiencing increased muscle tension in this region (which cannot be prevented, as some participants are unaware that they are tensing up), and therefore when the data are re-referenced the other EEG channels become flooded with muscle tension noise. This can be overcome when we re-reference using average referencing. My question is how many electrodes (evenly distributed around the scalp) will be ok for average referencing for ERP analyses? We have 26 EEG channels.<br>
<br>
Any suggestions/opinions appreciated!<br>
<br>
Thank you<br>
regards<br>
Yvonne<br>
<br>
<br>
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