<div dir="ltr">Dear Bob, Vito, and Andreas,<div><br></div>> If you use those than stay away from your sampling rate<br>The 1/3 or ¼ of the sampling frequency as a limit –in stead of the Nyquist criterium- is more safe<div><br></div><div>Bob, thank you for practical advice. Very easy to understand.</div><div><br></div><div><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:14px">> If you are using parametric methos (i.e. Granger with SIFT) than is better don't filter and use just cleanline for 50 Hz (or 60Hz in USA) and a very broadband low pass filtering (as Anil Seth write in several papers). This low pass filter has to be very far from the band of interest.</span><br></div><div><br></div><div>Vito, thank you for detailed info. Very useful. I will study Anil Seth's papers. </div><div><br></div><div><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:14px">> just use filtfilt and eeglab uses filtfilt.</span><br></div><div><br></div><div>If I understand correctly, the current default EEGLAB filter function is pop_neweegfilt() developed by Andreas, which technically does not use filtfilt; instead the filter goes one-way and shifts back the entire filtered signal by the width of the constant delay.</div><div><br></div><div>> <span style="font-size:12.6666669845581px">to my understanding</span></div><div><span style="font-size:12.6666669845581px"><br></span></div><div><span style="font-size:12.6666669845581px">Andreas, I appreciate you speak very carefully like Edmund Husserl :-)</span></div><div><span style="font-size:12.6666669845581px"><br></span></div><div><span style="font-size:12.6666669845581px">> Barnett and Seth (2011, J Neurosci Meth) show that GC is in theory (but not in practice) invariant under filtering. They do recommend filtering to achieve stationarity (e.g., drift, line noise; also in recent 2015 J Neurosci paper). The main problem with filtering and GC is the increase in required model order</span><span style="font-size:12.6666669845581px"><br></span></div><div><span style="font-size:12.6666669845581px"><br></span></div><div><span style="font-size:12.6666669845581px">I'll read these papers. Thank you for references.</span></div><div><span style="font-size:12.6666669845581px"><br></span></div><div><span style="font-size:12.6666669845581px">> That is, to my understanding for a carefully designed anti-aliasing filter (linear, zero-phase) the impact should be limited.</span><span style="font-size:12.6666669845581px"><br></span></div><div><br></div><div>I see.</div><div><br></div><div>> you can try to apply a more shallow roll-off, e.g. with fc = 0.8 and df = 0.4. This conclusion should, however, be actually tested with a simulation.</div><div><br></div><div>Thank you for your continuous contribution to EEGLAB community. I deeply appreciate it.</div><div><br></div><div>> From a practical perspective any M/EEG signal has been filtered with an anti-aliasing filter.<br></div><div><br></div><div>Yes, that's my point. There are hardware filters, at least low-pass one, as long as they record signals with finite sampling rates.</div><div><br></div><div>> To my understanding this conservative oversampling ratio is intended to improve signal fidelity (resolution, noise) rather than anti-aliasing alone. Given the result demonstrated by Barnett and Seth I would not recommend applying a lowpass filter with a stopband below Nyquist.<br></div><div class="gmail_extra"><br></div><div class="gmail_extra">I see. I will find it in the paper.</div><div class="gmail_extra"><br></div><div class="gmail_extra">I appreciate you took time to give me (and our community) such an useful input. Thank you all!</div><div class="gmail_extra"><br></div><div class="gmail_extra">Makoto </div><div class="gmail_extra"><br><div class="gmail_quote">On Wed, Jun 24, 2015 at 4:02 AM, Andreas Widmann <span dir="ltr"><<a href="mailto:widmann@uni-leipzig.de" target="_blank">widmann@uni-leipzig.de</a>></span> wrote:<br><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left-width:1px;border-left-color:rgb(204,204,204);border-left-style:solid;padding-left:1ex">Dear Makoto,<br>
<br>
to my understanding filter causality and Granger causality are not directly related. The output of a causal linear filter is identical to the output of a non-causal linear filter but shifted on the time axis (delayed; but equally across channels and bands!). Non-linear (here min phase) filters distort the phase spectrum and should, to my understanding, not be used for GC analysis.<br>
<br>
Barnett and Seth (2011, J Neurosci Meth) show that GC is in theory (but not in practice) invariant under filtering. They do recommend filtering to achieve stationarity (e.g., drift, line noise; also in recent 2015 J Neurosci paper). The main problem with filtering and GC is the increase in required model order ("We have shown that a primary cause is the large increase in empirical model induced by filtering; high model orders become necessary in order to properly fit the modified aspects of the power spectrum (low power in stop band, steep roll-off, etc.).“).<br>
<br>
That is, to my understanding for a carefully designed anti-aliasing filter (linear, zero-phase) the impact should be limited. The anti-aliasing filter as it is implemented in the repaired pop_resample function (in develop but not yet in eeglab13 branch) will have no stopband (below Nyquist) and a rather shallow roll-off (and low order) with default cutoff (fc = 0.9 * Nyq) and transition band width (df = 0.2 * Nyq). The cutoff and transition band width can be manually defined by the user, so you can try to apply a more shallow roll-off, e.g. with fc = 0.8 and df = 0.4. This conclusion should, however, be actually tested with a simulation. From a practical perspective any M/EEG signal has been filtered with an anti-aliasing filter.<br>
<span class=""><br>
> As the ERP handbook by Luck (or his other book) recommends, anti-aliasing should better have the margin of 4-5 times of the new sampling rate e.g. if you downsample signlas to 250 Hz, anti-aliasing low-pass at 125 Hz is the standard, but recommendation is 75 Hz or even 50 Hz. Well, I haven't tested it myself so I am not sure what bad it would do if I use 125 Hz (any comment on this, anyone?) but in this case, I guess the anti-aliasing low-pass filter does affect the subsequest connectivity analysis--am I correct (assuming that I analyze EEG up to 50 Hz)?<br>
</span>To my understanding this conservative oversampling ratio is intended to improve signal fidelity (resolution, noise) rather than anti-aliasing alone. Given the result demonstrated by Barnett and Seth I would not recommend applying a lowpass filter with a stopband below Nyquist.<br>
<br>
Best,<br>
Andreas<br>
<div class=""><div class="h5"><br>
> Am 24.06.2015 um 02:59 schrieb Makoto Miyakoshi <<a href="mailto:mmiyakoshi@ucsd.edu">mmiyakoshi@ucsd.edu</a>>:<br>
><br>
> Dear Iman,<br>
><br>
> > Using causal filter may adversely effect the direction of information<br>
><br>
> flow in the GC analysis. It is recommended that one use a<br>
><br>
> non-causal filter (for example, finite impulse response filters) with<br>
><br>
> zero phase lag<br>
><br>
><br>
> Really? The impulse response of the non-causal FIR filter spreads in both ways in the time domain, which means info of future events leak to past... I thought using causal filter with minimum phase makes more sense.<br>
><br>
> Makoto<br>
><br>
> On Tue, Jun 23, 2015 at 4:29 PM, Iman Mohammad-Rezazadeh <<a href="mailto:irezazadeh@ucdavis.edu">irezazadeh@ucdavis.edu</a>> wrote:<br>
> <a href="http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fnhum.2015.00194/abstract" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank">http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fnhum.2015.00194/abstract</a><br>
><br>
><br>
><br>
> Using causal filter may adversely effect the direction of information<br>
><br>
> flow in the GC analysis. It is recommended that one use a<br>
><br>
> non-causal filter (for example, finite impulse response filters) with<br>
><br>
> zero phase lag (Mullen et al., 2012, Coben and Rezazadeh, 2015)<br>
><br>
><br>
><br>
><br>
><br>
> From: <a href="mailto:eeglablist-bounces@sccn.ucsd.edu">eeglablist-bounces@sccn.ucsd.edu</a> [mailto:<a href="mailto:eeglablist-bounces@sccn.ucsd.edu">eeglablist-bounces@sccn.ucsd.edu</a>] On Behalf Of Makoto Miyakoshi<br>
> Sent: Tuesday, June 23, 2015 2:07 PM<br>
> To: Vito De Feo<br>
> Cc: EEGLAB List<br>
> Subject: Re: [Eeglablist] Effect of anti-aliasing low-pass filter on connectivity analysis<br>
><br>
><br>
><br>
> Thank you Vito for your response. Forgive me to ask you one more question.<br>
><br>
><br>
><br>
> As the ERP handbook by Luck (or his other book) recommends, anti-aliasing should better have the margin of 4-5 times of the new sampling rate e.g. if you downsample signlas to 250 Hz, anti-aliasing low-pass at 125 Hz is the standard, but recommendation is 75 Hz or even 50 Hz. Well, I haven't tested it myself so I am not sure what bad it would do if I use 125 Hz (any comment on this, anyone?) but in this case, I guess the anti-aliasing low-pass filter does affect the subsequest connectivity analysis--am I correct (assuming that I analyze EEG up to 50 Hz)?<br>
><br>
><br>
><br>
> Makoto<br>
><br>
><br>
><br>
> On Mon, Jun 22, 2015 at 9:31 AM, Vito De Feo <<a href="mailto:vito.defeo@zmnh.uni-hamburg.de">vito.defeo@zmnh.uni-hamburg.de</a>> wrote:<br>
><br>
> Dear Makoto,<br>
> this will not affect the connectivity analysis if the frequency of interest are far from the Nyquist frequency. For example if you downsample to 500 Hz (Nyquist freq = 250 Hz) you will have no problem in the band 0-100 Hz.<br>
> Best<br>
> Vito<br>
><br>
><br>
> Il giorno 20/giu/2015, alle ore 00:28, Makoto Miyakoshi ha scritto:<br>
><br>
> > Dear List,<br>
> ><br>
> > If I use zero-phase low-pass filter for anti-aliasing, does it affect the subsequent connectivity analysis? I ask this because EEGLAB pop_resample() automatically applies it. If it does, is there a workaround? Should I use minimum phase causal filter for anti-aliasing?<br>
> ><br>
> > --<br>
> > Makoto Miyakoshi<br>
> > Swartz Center for Computational Neuroscience<br>
> > Institute for Neural Computation, University of California San Diego<br>
><br>
> > _______________________________________________<br>
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><br>
><br>
> --<br>
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> Makoto Miyakoshi<br>
> Swartz Center for Computational Neuroscience<br>
> Institute for Neural Computation, University of California San Diego<br>
><br>
><br>
><br>
><br>
> --<br>
> Makoto Miyakoshi<br>
> Swartz Center for Computational Neuroscience<br>
> Institute for Neural Computation, University of California San Diego<br>
> _______________________________________________<br>
> Eeglablist page: <a href="http://sccn.ucsd.edu/eeglab/eeglabmail.html" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank">http://sccn.ucsd.edu/eeglab/eeglabmail.html</a><br>
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</div></div></blockquote></div><br><br clear="all"><div><br></div>-- <br><div class="gmail_signature"><div dir="ltr">Makoto Miyakoshi<br>Swartz Center for Computational Neuroscience<br>Institute for Neural Computation, University of California San Diego<br></div></div>
</div></div>