<div dir="ltr">Dear Sean,<div><br></div><div>It's a great honor to have the comment from the first author of the paper directly!</div><div><br></div><div>Is it true that an assumption of using Laplacian is that all EEG sources be radial and cannot be tangential? That assumption sounds generally reasonable since tangential (i.e. sulcus) sources would suffer a lot from cancellation by the facing cortex. However, when we see ICA results, there are quite a bit of seemingly tangential sources. Actually, the tangential (sulcus) sources may be able to survive if the facing cortical patches are less active and/or activated independently. Otherwise, what are these results we see in ICA results? Too beautiful to be noise.</div><div><br></div><div>Makoto</div></div><div class="gmail_extra"><br><div class="gmail_quote">On Thu, Jan 12, 2017 at 11:43 PM, Sean Fitzgibbon <span dir="ltr"><<a href="mailto:sean.fitzgibbon@ndcn.ox.ac.uk" target="_blank">sean.fitzgibbon@ndcn.ox.ac.uk</a>></span> wrote:<br><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex">
<div style="word-wrap:break-word">
Dear Abby
<div><br>
</div>
<div>The first thing to note is that this method is not designed to deal with
<b>transient</b> muscle activity defined as “<i>transient contractions of facial, cranial, and neck muscles [that] generate high amplitude electrical signals... Typically [transient] EMG contamination is of sufficient amplitude that it can
be easily identified (visually or algorithmically) and it is common practice to excise and discard contaminated periods of EEG</i>”. We would still advocate excising these segments. Rather, the method seeks to rectify
<b>persistent</b> muscle contamination defined as "<i>sustained non-forceful contractions (e.g. tone) of these muscles [that] generate persistent low amplitude contamination</i>” that is very difficult to identify in the scalp EEG. The motivation
for our interest in persistent EMG is “<i>our experiments in paralysed conscious humans have demonstrated that persistent EMG strength exceeds EEG strength from frequencies as low as 10–20 Hz, more so peripherally than centrally, and that by 100 Hz, EMG
can be more than 200 times larger than EEG</i>”.</div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div>The method, in brief, is to decompose the EEG using ICA, identify and remove EMG components, project back to scalp space, and then apply the laplacian. The average reference is not applied. We have shown in earlier papers, consistent with Makato’s
comment below, that ICA cannot completely decompose EMG, although it can improve SNR. However, using paralysed (muscle-free) EEG as the gold standard, we have demonstrated empirically that “<i>the combination of the ICA procedure and the surface
Laplacian results in a strong suppression of [persistent] EMG contamination at all scalp sites and frequencies</i>” and "<i>does not impair the detection of well-known, cerebral responses</i>”.</div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div>Anyway, to actually respond to your question, it is commonly stated that high spatial density EEG (~128 channel) is required for Lacplacian. However this is challenged by Kayser and Tenke (2006; full ref below), at least for ERPs. Our own experience
is that we get reasonable approximations at lower densities, consistent with Kayser and Tenke. The 25-channels you have is quite low, but might still be worth trying. I cannot comment on whether is is useful to reverse the order and do Laplacian before ICA
as we have not ever tried that. However, "<i>Tenke and Kayser (2005) proposed a method called fPCA, which … demonstrate[s] compelling removal of EMG contamination … [and] requires application of the surface Laplacian to the EEG to estimate CSD, calculation
of the amplitude spectra from the CSD, and then application of principal component analysis (PCA) to decompose the spectra</i>” which sounds similar’ish to what you are proposing and may be a good starting point for you…</div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div>Cheers, Sean</div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div>
<div style="margin:0px 0px 0px 20px;line-height:normal">
Kayser, J., & Tenke, C. E. (2006). Principal components analysis of Laplacian waveforms as a generic method for identifying ERP generator patterns: II. Adequacy of low-density estimates.
<i>Clinical Neurophysiology</i>, <i>117</i>(2), 369–380. <a href="http://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2005.08.033" target="_blank">
http://doi.org/10.1016/j.<wbr>clinph.2005.08.033</a></div>
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<div>
<div style="margin:0px 0px 0px 20px;line-height:normal">
Tenke, C. E., & KAYSER, J. (2005). Reference-free quantification of EEG spectra: Combining current source density (CSD) and frequency principal components analysis (fPCA).
<i>Clinical Neurophysiology</i>, <i>116</i>(12), 2826–2846. <a href="http://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2005.08.007" target="_blank">
http://doi.org/10.1016/j.<wbr>clinph.2005.08.007</a></div>
</div>
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<div>______________________________<wbr>_________________</div>
<div><font color="#7a7a7a"><br>
</font></div>
<div><font color="#7a7a7a"><b>Dr Sean Fitzgibbon </b> BSc PhD</font></div>
<div><font color="#7a7a7a">Postdoctoral Researcher</font></div>
<div><font color="#7a7a7a"><a href="http://www.fmrib.ox.ac.uk/" target="_blank">FMRIB</a> Centre, University of Oxford</font></div>
<div><font color="#7a7a7a">Oxford, United Kingdom</font></div>
</div>
</div>
</div><div><div class="h5">
<br>
<div>
<blockquote type="cite">
<div>On 13 Jan 2017, at 06:55, Makoto Miyakoshi <<a href="mailto:mmiyakoshi@ucsd.edu" target="_blank">mmiyakoshi@ucsd.edu</a>> wrote:</div>
<br class="m_4695189628954228172Apple-interchange-newline">
<div>
<div dir="ltr">Dear Abby,
<div><br>
</div>
<div>That's a new method for me and I don't know how it works. From the abstract, it seems you apply ICA, reject muscle components, then Laplacian? If so, the question is when you want to perform the average reference. Probably you want to average
reference after Laplacian so that the computed average reference is EMG free (not exactly free, but very much removed?)</div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div>By the way, ICA cannot decompose EMG becaues EMG source spreads along with muscle fibers, so my former colleague told me. Empirically, I also experienced that muscle is harder to decomposed compared with other typical artifacts such as eyes, which
makes sense.</div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div>From Lufthansa455 to Frankfurt,</div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div>Makoto</div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div><br>
</div>
</div>
<div class="gmail_extra"><br>
<div class="gmail_quote">On Tue, Jan 10, 2017 at 10:28 AM, Dickinson, Abigail <span dir="ltr">
<<a href="mailto:ADickinson@mednet.ucla.edu" target="_blank">ADickinson@mednet.ucla.edu</a>></span> wrote:<br>
<blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex">
<div dir="ltr">
<div id="m_4695189628954228172m_9143504346431692209divtagdefaultwrapper" dir="ltr" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif">
<p>Hi everyone, </p>
<p><br>
</p>
<p>I jwondered if anyone could help me with a question I had regarding using a laplacian filter, and at which stage I should implement the filter. I currently have a processing pipeline which effectively cleans spontaneous data collected from low-functioning
children (EGI 128 channel, 500Hz). Due to the nature of our sample I am working with a few constraints, including a high amount of EMG and relatively short recording lengths (1-2 minutes). </p>
<p><br>
</p>
<p>The processing pipeline I currently use involves:</p>
<p>-FIR filter (high pass:1Hz, low pass:100Hz)</p>
<p>-remove bad channels</p>
<p>-down-sampling to the 10-20 system 25 channel montage (<span style="font-size:12pt">in order to have an adequate k-factor to </span><span style="font-size:12pt">run ICA)
</span></p>
<p>-remove bad segments of data </p>
<p>-Run ICA</p>
<p>-Remove artifactual components</p>
<p>-Re-reference to average</p>
<p><br>
</p>
<p>I recently saw a paper which advocated the use of a laplacian filter along with ICA to remove EMG (<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25455426" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/<wbr>pubmed/25455426</a>), and
also I would like to be able to run cohernece analyses at a channel level, so wanted to re-process this data with a laplacian filter. </p>
<p><br>
</p>
<p>However, I cannot apply the laplacian after ICA, as at that point I only have 25 channels. I wondered if anyone could comment on whether it would be appropriate to apply the laplacian filter either on all 128 channels, or after removing bad channels,
and then continuing with the rest of the processing pipeline detailed above?</p>
<p><br>
</p>
<p>Thanks in advance!</p>
<p><br>
</p>
<p>Best wishes, </p>
<p><br>
</p>
<p>Abby </p>
<p><br>
</p>
</div>
<br>
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-- <br>
<div class="m_4695189628954228172gmail_signature" data-smartmail="gmail_signature">
<div dir="ltr">Makoto Miyakoshi<br>
Swartz Center for Computational Neuroscience<br>
Institute for Neural Computation, University of California San Diego<br>
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</blockquote></div><br><br clear="all"><div><br></div>-- <br><div class="gmail_signature" data-smartmail="gmail_signature"><div dir="ltr">Makoto Miyakoshi<br>Swartz Center for Computational Neuroscience<br>Institute for Neural Computation, University of California San Diego<br></div></div>
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