<html><head></head><body><div style="font-family:Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:small;"><div><div>Arnaud,</div></div><div> It is interesting to see of the amount of distortion of phase differences of the original artifact free segments of the EEG record by ICA is a linear or nonlinear function of the number of ICA components that are removed to do the reconstruction of a different time series. You already showed that two ICA component removals results in more phase distortion than the removal of one ICA component. If you were to remove three and then reconstruct and then four and then five, etc and reconstruct and then attach the .edf files and share them with the forum then we can plot the magnitude of phase distortion of the artifact free sections of the original record due to the ICA reconstructions. Based on embedding theory one would expect a linear relationship but there may be a nonlinear relationship with an asymptote at about two removals given there are only 19 channels.</div><div><br></div><div>Please try this experiement with one or more EEG dataset, the one that was produced by ICA reconstruction in Australial is a good starting point but it will be good to do this experiment with two or three other EEG recordings.</div><div><br></div><div>Thank you for honest interest in exploring the extent of phase difference distortion by ICA so that we can better understand it.</div><div><br></div><div>Best regards,</div><div><br></div><div>Robert </div><div><br></div><div id="yahoo_quoted_8132373621" class="yahoo_quoted"><div style="font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:13px;color:#26282a;"><div>On Wednesday, June 14, 2017, 9:00:58 PM EDT, Robert Thatcher <rwthatcher2@yahoo.com> wrote:</div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><div id="yiv0120799240"><html><head></head><div><div style="font-family:Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:small;"><div><div>Arnaud,</div></div><div> It does not make any difference which components that the scientist/clinicians removed because your own analyses confirmed phase difference distortion by ICA when your removed your own components. Please try different ICA component removal and attach the edf files to see if you can create a reconstruction of the time series that DOES NOT distort or corrupt the phase differences between channels in the original EEG recording. Up to this point in time you have resoundeding proven that ICA reconstruction oes distort phase differences no matter what reconstruction is used.</div><div><br clear="none"></div><div>It is important to recognize and to pubically accept that phase or time differences between channels in the EEG is due to physiological processes like differences in synaptic rise times, differences in synaptic summation times and differences in conduction velocities, etc. Even a small amount of adulteration or distortion of EEG phase differences is not good and must be avoided at all costs.</div><div><br clear="none"></div><div>This is analogous to the use of telescopes that measure phase differences in the spectrum from stars moving in the universe. If ICA were used to distort the phase differences in the spectrum measured by telescopes because one believes that all telescopes have artifact then we would not know huge amounts about the nature and future of the universe. The same is true for the human EEG.</div><div><br clear="none"></div><div>Bob</div><div><br clear="none"></div><div><br clear="none"></div><div class="yiv0120799240yqt3147868301" id="yiv0120799240yqt29718"><div class="yiv0120799240yahoo_quoted" id="yiv0120799240yahoo_quoted_7678264800"><div style="font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:13px;color:#26282a;"><div>On Wednesday, June 14, 2017, 7:23:43 PM EDT, Arnaud Delorme <arno@ucsd.edu> wrote:</div><div><br clear="none"></div><div><br clear="none"></div><div><div id="yiv0120799240"></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><html><head></head><div class="yiv0120799240yqt3147868301" id="yiv0120799240yqt06054"><div><div><div><blockquote class="yiv0120799240" type="cite"><div class="yiv0120799240"><div class="yiv0120799240"><div class="yiv0120799240" style="font-family:Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:small;"><div class="yiv0120799240"> Thank you for attaching your ICA reconstructed edf file. It involved removal of two ICA components and the magnitude of changes in phase differences between channels is greater than the one provided by the scientists/clinicians in Australia that deleted only one ICA component. This is consistent with Taken's theorum and also differential geometry theorums dealing with manifold mapings and Lie groups etc. I know for certain that they used ICA and not PCA.</div></div></div></div></blockquote><div><br clear="none" class="yiv0120799240"></div><div>Yes, I meant that the data is usually preprocessed by PCA before doing ICA in commercial softwares, which could be the problem (although I do not think it was in that case). We would need to see which components were removed.</div><div>Best wishes,</div><div><br clear="none" class="yiv0120799240"></div><div>Arno</div><div class="yiv0120799240yqt3896391077" id="yiv0120799240yqtfd29631"><div><br clear="none" class="yiv0120799240"></div><br clear="none" class="yiv0120799240"><blockquote class="yiv0120799240" type="cite"><div class="yiv0120799240"><div class="yiv0120799240" style="font-family:Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:small;"><div class="yiv0120799240">ICA is excellent in feature detection and the brain operates by highly efficient sub-clusters of neurons extracting features, e.g., face recognition by combining features like eye brows, head shape, ears, chin, etc </div><div class="yiv0120799240"><br clear="none" class="yiv0120799240"></div><div class="yiv0120799240">Here is a url to a recent study showing that only 206 neurons are necessary to encode face recognition in monkeys:</div><div class="yiv0120799240"><br clear="none" class="yiv0120799240"></div><div class="yiv0120799240"><a rel="nofollow" shape="rect" class="yiv0120799240" target="_blank" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2017.05.011">http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2017.05.011</a><br clear="none" class="yiv0120799240"></div><div class="yiv0120799240"><br clear="none" class="yiv0120799240"></div><div class="yiv0120799240">The individual face components are like ICA face components for face recognition. However, the anterior temporal lobes are just one node among many nodes in a network so that the monkey can make the correct adaptive decisions in very short periods of time by network coherence and phase locking and phase shifting with other nodes in networks.</div><div class="yiv0120799240"><br clear="none" class="yiv0120799240"></div><div class="yiv0120799240">The problem with ICA is in its use in artifact rejection and then reconstruction of a new time series that results in a new time series that is disconnected from brain network connectivity dynamics of phase shift and phase lock and coherence and cross-frequency coupling and phase amplitude coupling, etc.</div><div class="yiv0120799240"><br clear="none" class="yiv0120799240"></div><div class="yiv0120799240">Thank you again and lets continue to seek answers to how best to use ICA for network dynamics without adulterating the original time and phase relations between parts of the brain.</div><div class="yiv0120799240"><br clear="none" class="yiv0120799240"></div><div class="yiv0120799240">Robert</div><div class="yiv0120799240"><br clear="none" class="yiv0120799240"></div><div class="yiv0120799240"><br clear="none" class="yiv0120799240"></div><div class="yiv0120799240yahoo_quoted" id="yiv0120799240yahoo_quoted_7927970593"><div class="yiv0120799240" style="font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:13px;color:#26282a;"><div class="yiv0120799240">On Wednesday, June 14, 2017, 6:21:32 PM EDT, Arnaud Delorme <<a rel="nofollow" shape="rect" class="yiv0120799240" ymailto="mailto:arno@ucsd.edu" target="_blank" href="mailto:arno@ucsd.edu">arno@ucsd.edu</a>> wrote:</div><div class="yiv0120799240"><br clear="none" class="yiv0120799240"></div><div class="yiv0120799240"><br clear="none" class="yiv0120799240"></div><div class="yiv0120799240"><div class="yiv0120799240" id="yiv0120799240"><div class="yiv0120799240">Hi Robert,<div class="yiv0120799240"><br clear="none" class="yiv0120799240"></div><div class="yiv0120799240"><div class="yiv0120799240"><blockquote class="yiv0120799240" type="cite"><div class="yiv0120799240"><div class="yiv0120799240"><div class="yiv0120799240" style="font-family:Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:small;"><div class="yiv0120799240">The Australian data was analyzed by two scientists/clinicians in the audience of a workshop that I was doing in 2014 and they are the ones that did the ICA component selection using commercial WinEEG software and not me.</div></div></div></div></blockquote><div class="yiv0120799240"><br clear="none" class="yiv0120799240"></div><div class="yiv0120799240">Most commercial EEG software preprocess the data using PCA to reduce the dimensionality of the data. The idea behind this is that users should not have to go through as many components as channels. It is easier to have them select components within 5 or 10 exemplars. However this PCA dimension reduction can bias the reconstruction (we have data to back this up but it is not published yet).</div><div class="yiv0120799240"><br clear="none" class="yiv0120799240"></div><div class="yiv0120799240">However, I do not think PCA dimension reduction before running ICA was responsible for what you observed (because your data is very clean and even after PCA and the 2 artifact components have huge contribution to the data variance, you would get very similar components). I think the WinEEG users simply did not select the correct artifact components, or maybe WinEEG failed to implement ICA correctly.</div><br clear="none" class="yiv0120799240"><blockquote class="yiv0120799240" type="cite"><div class="yiv0120799240"><div class="yiv0120799240" style="font-family:Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:small;"><div class="yiv0120799240">You are welcome to download NeuroGuide and install and launch and then paste the key A into an email to me. I have posted a tutorial on our webpage but I can create a better tutorial to reduce the learning curve. Similarly when I am able to concentrate on EEGlab then you can tutor me to reduce my learning curve. Here is a url to the download webpage:</div><div class="yiv0120799240"><a rel="nofollow" shape="rect" class="yiv0120799240" target="_blank" href="http://www.appliedneuroscience.com/Download_NeuroGuide.htm">http://www.appliedneuroscience.com/Download_NeuroGuide.htm</a><br clear="none" class="yiv0120799240"></div><div class="yiv0120799240"><br clear="none" class="yiv0120799240"></div><div class="yiv0120799240">At the end of the day together lets find ways to use the full power of ICA to explore network dynamics which is my favorite topic and also one that future science depends on.</div></div></div></blockquote><div class="yiv0120799240"><br clear="none" class="yiv0120799240"></div><div class="yiv0120799240">Yes, I agree on that view. Exploring network dynamics with ICA is not an easy topic. The trend these days is not to use ICA for connectivity analysis but instead define regions of interest and compute pairwise connectivity between all brain regions as in this recent paper <a rel="nofollow" shape="rect" class="yiv0120799240" target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28300640">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28300640</a>. What can be done is to use ICA components to define these regions and compute activity in these regions. It is an open area of research.</div><div class="yiv0120799240"><br clear="none" class="yiv0120799240"></div><div class="yiv0120799240">Best wishes,</div><div class="yiv0120799240"><br clear="none" class="yiv0120799240"></div><div class="yiv0120799240">Arno</div><br clear="none" class="yiv0120799240"><blockquote class="yiv0120799240" type="cite"><div class="yiv0120799240"><div class="yiv0120799240" style="font-family:Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:small;"><div class="yiv0120799240"><br clear="none" class="yiv0120799240"></div><div class="yiv0120799240">Best regards,</div><div class="yiv0120799240"><br clear="none" class="yiv0120799240"></div><div class="yiv0120799240">Robert</div><div class="yiv0120799240"><br clear="none" class="yiv0120799240"></div><div class="yiv0120799240"><br clear="none" class="yiv0120799240"></div><div class="yiv0120799240yahoo_quoted" id="yiv0120799240yahoo_quoted_8079598956"><div class="yiv0120799240" style="font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:13px;color:#26282a;"><div class="yiv0120799240">On Wednesday, June 14, 2017, 4:40:43 PM EDT, Arnaud Delorme <<a rel="nofollow" shape="rect" class="yiv0120799240" ymailto="mailto:arno@ucsd.edu" target="_blank" href="mailto:arno@ucsd.edu">arno@ucsd.edu</a>> wrote:</div><div class="yiv0120799240"><br clear="none" class="yiv0120799240"></div><div class="yiv0120799240"><br clear="none" class="yiv0120799240"></div><div class="yiv0120799240"><div class="yiv0120799240" id="yiv0120799240"><div class="yiv0120799240">Dear Robert,<div class="yiv0120799240"><br clear="none" class="yiv0120799240"></div><div class="yiv0120799240">There does seem to be a phase difference in your powerpoint. However, it is important to know which ICA component you removed to understand why this is the case. Are you sure these were artifactual components? Removing brain components may alter the phase of the signal recorded on the scalp (it would be as if you were removing from the scalp signal the contribution of a brain area). Without that information, it is not possible to figure out the origin of the phase difference. </div><div class="yiv0120799240"><br clear="none" class="yiv0120799240"></div><div class="yiv0120799240">This seems to be the same data you shared yesterday. I have looked at it. Black is before ICA and red after removing the 2 eye components. You can see that there is no phase shift at 102.43 second after I remove the two artifactual ICA components. I have provided the code in my email yesterday if you want to reproduce this result in EEGLAB.</div><div class="yiv0120799240"><br clear="none" class="yiv0120799240"></div><div class="yiv0120799240">Best wishes,</div><div class="yiv0120799240yqt2408029934" id="yiv0120799240yqtfd77854"><div class="yiv0120799240"><br clear="none" class="yiv0120799240"></div><div class="yiv0120799240">Arno</div></div><div class="yiv0120799240"><br clear="none" class="yiv0120799240"></div><div class="yiv0120799240"><span class="yiv0120799240" id="yiv0120799240cid:Pmo1wHA1DZbcYxO7KQNn"><ICA_phase_example.png></span></div><div class="yiv0120799240"><div class="yiv0120799240yqt5482425267" id="yiv0120799240yqtfd30093"><br clear="none" class="yiv0120799240"><div class="yiv0120799240"><blockquote class="yiv0120799240" type="cite"><div class="yiv0120799240">On Jun 14, 2017, at 11:14 AM, Robert Thatcher <<a rel="nofollow" shape="rect" class="yiv0120799240" ymailto="mailto:rwthatcher2@yahoo.com" target="_blank" href="mailto:rwthatcher2@yahoo.com">rwthatcher2@yahoo.com</a>> wrote:</div><br clear="none" class="yiv0120799240Apple-interchange-newline"><div class="yiv0120799240"><span class="yiv0120799240"><Example of Phase Differences at 1min & 46 seconds.pptx></span></div></blockquote></div></div><div class="yiv0120799240yqt2408029934" id="yiv0120799240yqtfd54385"><br clear="none" class="yiv0120799240"></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><span class="yiv0120799240" id="yiv0120799240cid:Pmo1wHA1DZbcYxO7KQNn"><ICA_phase_example.png></span></blockquote></div><div class="yiv0120799240yqt5482425267" id="yiv0120799240yqtfd21133"><br clear="none" class="yiv0120799240"></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></blockquote></div></div><div class="yiv0120799240yqt3896391077" id="yiv0120799240yqtfd47496"><br clear="none" class="yiv0120799240"></div></div></div></div></html></html></div></div></div></div></div></body></html>