[Eeglablist] Fw: Re: ECG Channel Inclusion in ICA and ICLabel Steps

Makoto Miyakoshi mmiyakoshi at ucsd.edu
Thu Aug 8 11:30:35 PDT 2024 

Thanks for the info Cedric. My take:

1. Heart cycle-related EEG is a real thing and has been studied since 1986.
However, it is often masked/overlapped by cardiac field artifacts (CFA).
Those two things are different.
2. We know CFA is from the heart from the experiment that when the head is
turned, the CFA changes its distribution as well, but in a complex manner.
3. Cedric is solid.

Makoto

On Thu, Aug 8, 2024 at 1:46 PM Cedric Cannard via eeglablist <
eeglablist at sccn.ucsd.edu> wrote:

> Hi,
>
> Small correction:
>
> I gave the wrong link to the paper discussing the hemispheric asymmetry
> and diagonality of the FCA the other day. Here is the correct link
> (whichwas in the list of other relevant references in my email):
> https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9146492/__;!!Mih3wA!A5inxqdMxQ0sTJk0V7kzSA_EcjJPmwJDGs7WfQYwgSim0T0YX_CLz0A_0p5tnZVGlTAgL3DEzhUbscQGRUq9qCImEQ$
>
> Take aways from the article:
> - The CFA is most prominent during the QRS complex and T wave of the
> cardiac cycle, showing distinct asymmetry across the hemispheres.
> The CFA changes rapidly during the QRS complex, while it changes more
> slowly during the T wave.
> - At the R peak (QRS complex) and T peak (T wave), the potential patterns
> exhibit significant asymmetry across the two hemispheres.
> - The CFA creates a diagonal partitioning on the scalp, forming clusters
> of electrode locations with positive and negative potentials. The
> equipotential lines on the scalp are oriented diagonally, from the left
> frontal sites (near T3, F7) to the right posterior sites (near T4, T6).
> - The regions most affected by the CFA are the frontal part of the right
> hemisphere and the occipital part of the left hemisphere, while a region
> running diagonally from the left frontal to the right occipital shows lower
> artifact levels.
> - The scalp potential maps show a rotation-like change synchronized with
> the cardiac cycle. At the R peak, the pattern rotates counterclockwise,
> whereas during the T wave, the pattern remains relatively stable but still
> shows a diagonal orientation.
> - Head-turning experiments demonstrated that the CFA patterns could be
> influenced by changing the head's orientation. This spatial relation change
> affects the CFA without altering brain potentials.
> - In head orientation conditions ('left', 'straight', 'right'), the CFA
> patterns rotated on the scalp in the direction opposite to the head turn,
> suggesting the complex geometry of the CFA propagation.
>
>
> Cedric
>
>
>
> On Wednesday, August 7th, 2024 at 11:56 AM, Cedric Cannard via eeglablist <
> eeglablist at sccn.ucsd.edu> wrote:
>
> > Thanks Makoto,
> >
> > 1,2,3: yes
> >
> > > then I think the HEP may be an EEG, but you say the delay is accounted
> by the blood vessel's inflation in the head following the heart beat?
> >
> > So are you saying HEP is a brain signal, or not? I'm still confused.
> >
> > Well it is generally assumed to be purely neuronal in the literature, to
> my knowledge. But from this conversation (and mainly Jason's comment), it
> sounds like it could be (at least partially) reflecting cerebral
> circulation and pressure changes. My guess is that it could reflect
> activity of the neurovascular unit, i.e. neurons, astrocytes (or other
> glial cells) and endothelial cells communicating together to process the
> changes in blood flow and pressure at each heartbeat. To provide modulation
> in cerebral blood flow if needed to ensure that each region is getting
> appropriate oxygen and nutrients. I don't know the answer to this, but I
> doubt the timing of 200-600 ms post heartbeat is a coincidence.
> >
> > Regarding the ICA piece, you know more than I do. I'd love to get more
> answers/data on this.
> >
> > Cedric
> >
> >
> >
> >
> >
> >
> > Cedric
> >
> >
> >
> > On Wednesday, August 7th, 2024 at 11:49 AM, Cedric Cannard
> ccannard at protonmail.com wrote:
> >
> > > Hi Makoto,
> > >
> > > 1,2,3: yes
> > >
> > > > then I think the HEP may be an EEG, but you say the delay is
> accounted by the blood vessel's inflation in the head following the heart
> beat?
> > >
> > > So are you saying HEP is a brain signal, or not? I'm still confused.
> > >
> > > Well it is normally assumed to be purely neuronal. But from this
> conversation (and mainly Jason's comment), it sounds like it could be at
> least in part, reflecting cerebral circulation and pressure changes. My
> guess is that it could be a mix of neurvascular units (neurons, astrocytes
> or other glial cells, endothelial cells, etc.) that communicate together to
> process the changes in blood flow and pressure at each heartbeat, and
> provide modulation in cerebral blood flow if needed to ensure that each
> region is getting appropriate oxygen and nutrients. I don't know the answer
> to this, but I doubt the timing of 200-600 ms post heartbeat is a
> coincidence.
> > >
> > > Regarding the ICA piece, you know more than I do. I'd love to get more
> answers/data on this.
> > >
> > > Cedric
> > >
> > > On Tuesday, August 6th, 2024 at 3:06 PM, Makoto Miyakoshi via
> eeglablist eeglablist at sccn.ucsd.edu wrote:
> > >
> > > > Hi all,
> > > >
> > > > If HEP
> > > >
> > > > 1. is recorded from the scalp,
> > > > 2. is synchronized to ECG (R peak, for example),
> > > > 3. has semi-constant delay (300-600 ms) relative to the heart beat,
> > > >
> > > > then I think the HEP may be an EEG, but you say the delay is
> accounted by
> > > > the blood vessel's inflation in the head following the heart beat?
> > > > So are you saying HEP is a brain signal, or not? I'm still confused.
> > > >
> > > > An ICA-decomposed heart-related component, if it is ever present (I
> agree
> > > > to John that it is rather rare), always shows tangential dipole
> angle when
> > > > fitted. Have you seen any radial (i.e. vertex-oriented) dipole for a
> > > > heart-related component? This observation makes me think that the
> source of
> > > > the heart-related ICs must be arteries and veins in the depth of the
> head.
> > > > Maybe Stefan Debener discussed it already in one of his fMRI-EEG
> works from
> > > > the mid 2000's which Scott mentioned.
> > > >
> > > > Makoto
> > > >
> > > > On Tue, Aug 6, 2024 at 10:01 AM McCleery, Amanda
> amanda-mccleery at uiowa.edu
> > > >
> > > > wrote:
> > > >
> > > > > Hi all,
> > > > > Just chiming in to say that this discussion is very timely (I sent
> an
> > > > > email to Arnaud Delorme about a week ago asking for guidance re:
> whether or
> > > > > not to include ECG channels in ICA), and I hope a consensus
> opinion from
> > > > > the ICA gurus will be posted to the EEGlab wiki page!
> > > > > Thanks
> > > > > Amanda McCleery, Ph.D. (she/her/hers)
> > > > > Assistant Professor, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences
> > > > > The University of Iowa
> > > > > 473 Psychological and Brain Sciences Building, Iowa City IA 52242
> > > > >
> > > > > -----Original Message-----
> > > > > From: Makoto Miyakoshi mmiyakoshi at ucsd.edu
> > > > > Sent: Monday, August 5, 2024 4:54 PM
> > > > > To: EEGLAB List eeglablist at sccn.ucsd.edu
> > > > > Subject: Re: [Eeglablist] Fw: Re: ECG Channel Inclusion in ICA and
> ICLabel
> > > > > Steps
> > > > >
> > > > > Hi
> > > > >
> > > > > Cedric
> > > > >
> > > > > and John,
> > > > >
> > > > > > It does not inherently assume that all sources must be of the
> same
> > > > > > nature
> > > > > > or originate from EPSP/IPSPs from pyramidal neurons in cortical
> gyri, does
> > > > > > it?
> > > > >
> > > > > I mean "If ICA were to inherently assume that all sources must be
> of the
> > > > > same nature or originate from ERSP/IPST from pyramidal neurons in
> cortical
> > > > > gyri", it would not identify non-brain artifacts.
> > > > >
> > > > > If the heartbeat-evoked potential is completely synchronized with
> the ECG,
> > > > > ICA must capture the mixed cortical activation pattern as a single
> > > > > component and there is no way to separate the cortical
> contribution from
> > > > > the heart's contribution.
> > > > >
> > > > > John, what's the relation of the timings between ECG and HEP--are
> they
> > > > > always synchronized (i.e. the functional connectivity), or the
> latter
> > > > > delays/jitters the onset of ECG (the effective connectivity)? ICA
> may
> > > > > capture the former under favorable conditions, but it cannot
> capture the
> > > > > latter.
> > > > >
> > > > > Makoto
> > > > >
> > > > > On Mon, Aug 5, 2024 at 4:55 PM Cedric Cannard via eeglablist <
> > > > > eeglablist at sccn.ucsd.edu> wrote:
> > > > >
> > > > > > Hi Makoto,
> > > > > >
> > > > > > Sorry for the typo. As you can guess, I meant "I do not believe
> > > > > > including auxiliary channels violates ICA assumptions."
> > > > > >
> > > > > > > Tony Bell is a legend
> > > > > >
> > > > > > haha :)
> > > > > >
> > > > > > > For example, concatenating millivolt-range signals with
> > > > > > > microvolt-range
> > > > > > > signals for decomposition may cause unexpected trouble.
> > > > > >
> > > > > > Yes, I generally rescale the ECG signal to the EEG range if the
> ECG
> > > > > > scale is vastly different, so ICA does not prioritize the larger
> ECG
> > > > > > signals over the smaller EEG ones, which gives better results.
> > > > > >
> > > > > > > Then ICA would not identify non-brain artifacts, right?
> > > > > >
> > > > > > Why? Non-brain artifacts have independent sources. My point was
> that,
> > > > > > as you summarized, ICA assumes sources to be independent, mixed,
> and
> > > > > > non-gaussian, not that the sources of all signals are EPSP/IPSPs
> from
> > > > > > pyramidal neurons.
> > > > > >
> > > > > > > I'm rather curious to know if heartbeat-evoked potential is a
> real
> > > > > > > thing. For example, if I decompose a heartbeat IC which
> typically has
> > > > > > > a broad and dipolar projection from the depth. Is there any
> neuronal
> > > > > > > contribution there? If yes, then the heartbeat IC is
> contributed by
> > > > > > > both the heart and the brain. If no, it is generated only by
> the
> > > > > > > heart. Which is the case?
> > > > > >
> > > > > > I agree and am wondering the same thing. And I don't think there
> is an
> > > > > > answer to this yet. removing heart ICs may remove both the CFAs
> and
> > > > > > the relevant neuronal-related HEP. Ideally, heart ICs would
> capture
> > > > > > the cardiac field artifacts (CFA) which travel by volume
> conduction
> > > > > > (e.g., skin) and are picked up by scalp EEG electrodes. The
> broad and
> > > > > > dipolar spatial properties of the heart ICs reflect these CFAs
> (i.e.,
> > > > > > the source is non-neuronal). And HEPs (after removing these CFAs)
> > > > > > would only reflect neuronal processing of heart activity.
> > > > > > I think one potential way of answering this would be to have
> > > > > > intracranial electrodes time-locked to scalp electrodes, mark the
> > > > > > R-peaks in both, and compare. But even then, heart activity can
> travel
> > > > > > to the brain via various direct and indirect pathways: directly
> via
> > > > > > the vagus nerve, indirectly via volume conduction through the
> spinal
> > > > > > cord (surrounded by conductive CSF) and conductive arteries, or
> via
> > > > > > blood pressure-related activity detected by
> baroreceptors/chemoreceptors.
> > > > > >
> > > > > > I am currently developing a multivariate method that would
> provide
> > > > > > more information on the synchronization (coherence & partial
> > > > > > coherence), system response (transfer function matrix, spectral
> > > > > > matrix, inverse spectral matrix), and causal interactions
> (directed
> > > > > > coherence, directed transfer function, partial directed
> coherence)
> > > > > > between heart and EEG signals.
> > > > > > hopefully, that can provide some insights (direct, indirect
> > > > > > interactions and direction of the interaction).
> > > > > >
> > > > > > I think what provides some answer is the growing body of
> literature
> > > > > > showing meaningful associations between HEP and interoception and
> > > > > > integration of internal bodily states, highlighting brain areas
> known
> > > > > > to be involved in these processes from the neuroimaging
> literature,
> > > > > > e.g. insula, ACC, somatosensory cortex.
> > > > > >
> > > > > > Some good references for HEP:
> > > > > >
> > > > > >
> https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31051293/_
> > > > > >
> _;!!Mih3wA!A7XPAnqNlQiz9pvotlbJTJbG2_n0TrNLB20H1cJLZDjdmMz8JsfHFIdXHQu
> > > > > > fx-wO2xcvGmCGkuOn8VQfYj8XKL4HCQ$
> > > > > >
> > > > > >
> https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22541740/_
> > > > > >
> _;!!Mih3wA!A7XPAnqNlQiz9pvotlbJTJbG2_n0TrNLB20H1cJLZDjdmMz8JsfHFIdXHQu
> > > > > > fx-wO2xcvGmCGkuOn8VQfYj8D2qUf-A$
> > > > > >
> > > > > >
> https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28651745/_
> > > > > >
> _;!!Mih3wA!A7XPAnqNlQiz9pvotlbJTJbG2_n0TrNLB20H1cJLZDjdmMz8JsfHFIdXHQu
> > > > > > fx-wO2xcvGmCGkuOn8VQfYj9BgOZjfw$
> > > > > >
> > > > > > Cedric
> > > > > >
> > > > > > ------- Forwarded Message -------
> > > > > > From: Makoto Miyakoshi via eeglablist eeglablist at sccn.ucsd.edu
> > > > > > Date: On Monday, August 5th, 2024 at 7:59 AM
> > > > > > Subject: Re: [Eeglablist] ECG Channel Inclusion in ICA and
> ICLabel
> > > > > > Steps
> > > > > > To: EEGLAB List eeglablist at sccn.ucsd.edu
> > > > > >
> > > > > > > Hello John and
> > > > > > >
> > > > > > > Cedric
> > > > > > >
> > > > > > > ,
> > > > > > >
> > > > > > > This double negative makes it difficult to understand what you
> are
> > > > > > > trying to say, Cedric.
> > > > > > >
> > > > > > > > I do not believe including auxiliary channels does not
> violate ICA
> > > > > > >
> > > > > > > assumptions.
> > > > > > >
> > > > > > > You are saying that including ECG violates ICA's assumption,
> but
> > > > > > > your claim seems opposite.
> > > > > > >
> > > > > > > ICA's assumptions are, off the top of the head,
> > > > > > >
> > > > > > > - The sources are non-Gaussian
> > > > > > > - The sources are linearly independent
> > > > > > > - The sources are linearly and instantly mixed
> > > > > > > - Tony Bell is a legend
> > > > > > >
> > > > > > > So ECG channels may be included in ICA with no problem in
> theory.
> > > > > > > However,
> > > > > > > if empirical observations recommend otherwise, there may be
> some
> > > > > > > reason that is specific to each application which is worth
> > > > > > > investigating. For example, concatenating millivolt-range
> signals
> > > > > > > with microvolt-range
> > > > > > > signals
> > > > > > > for decomposition may cause unexpected trouble.
> > > > > > >
> > > > > > > > It does not inherently assume that all sources must be of
> the same
> > > > > > > > nature
> > > > > > >
> > > > > > > or originate from EPSP/IPSPs from pyramidal neurons in cortical
> > > > > > > gyri,
> > > > > > > does
> > > > > > > it?
> > > > > > >
> > > > > > > Then ICA would not identify non-brain artifacts, right?
> > > > > > >
> > > > > > > I'm rather curious to know if heartbeat-evoked potential is a
> real
> > > > > > > thing.
> > > > > > > For example, if I decompose a heartbeat IC which typically has
> a
> > > > > > > broad
> > > > > > > and
> > > > > > > dipolar projection from the depth. Is there any neuronal
> > > > > > > contribution there? If yes, then the heartbeat IC is
> contributed by
> > > > > > > both the heart and the brain. If no, it is generated only by
> the
> > > > > > > heart. Which is the case?
> > > > > > >
> > > > > > > Makoto
> > > > > > >
> > > > > > > On Mon, Aug 5, 2024 at 12:58 AM Cedric Cannard via eeglablist <
> > > > > > > eeglablist at sccn.ucsd.edu> wrote:
> > > > > > >
> > > > > > > > Dear John,
> > > > > > > >
> > > > > > > > This is the same debate as including EOG for separating and
> > > > > > > > extracting ocular components (isn't that common practice?).
> The
> > > > > > > > only reason why
> > > > > > > > you
> > > > > > > > can get away without EOG channels is that ocular activity is
> so
> > > > > > > > large compared to EEG, so easy to identify as an independent
> > > > > > > > source. However, cardiac artifacts are difficult to identify
> > > > > > > > without an explicit
> > > > > > > > reference
> > > > > > > > signal (except occasionally in some individuals where you
> can see
> > > > > > > > them visually in the raw time series).
> > > > > > > >
> > > > > > > > Someone will correct me if I'm wrong, but I do not believe
> > > > > > > > including auxiliary channels does not violate ICA
> assumptions. ICA
> > > > > > > > is an
> > > > > > > > algorithm
> > > > > > > > designed to separate a mixture of signals into statistically
> > > > > > > > independent
> > > > > > > > components. It does not inherently assume that all sources
> must be
> > > > > > > > of
> > > > > > > > the
> > > > > > > > same nature or originate from EPSP/IPSPs from pyramidal
> neurons in
> > > > > > > > cortical
> > > > > > > > gyri, does it?
> > > > > > > >
> > > > > > > > By providing a clear reference for ECG artifacts, ECG
> channels can
> > > > > > > > enhance
> > > > > > > > the accuracy of this separation in my experience, in line
> with
> > > > > > > > Sofia's observation. In fact, this is a method supported by
> my new
> > > > > > > > BrainBeats plugin (along with HEP/HEO and HRV analysis which
> > > > > > > > implements validated algorithms and guidelines via command
> line or
> > > > > > > > GUI). See here for a step-by-step tutorial:
> > > > > >
> > > > > >
> https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.jove.com/t/65829/author-spotli
> > > > > >
> ght-advancing-study-brain-heart-interplay-with__;!!Mih3wA!CWCJFZKu2zYD
> > > > > >
> 1n7sKo1ur_bO9g_iWhAy9vSTS18Bf-jfmH6errEXOVCDaXANh_5ukcj1Wajfh_MIn3CPFG
> > > > > > GRV09qjA$
> > > > > >
> > > > > > > > And Github repo:
> > > > > >
> > > > > >
> https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://github.com/amisepa/BrainBeats__;!!
> > > > > >
> Mih3wA!CWCJFZKu2zYD1n7sKo1ur_bO9g_iWhAy9vSTS18Bf-jfmH6errEXOVCDaXANh_5
> > > > > > ukcj1Wajfh_MIn3CPFGGKS9yf5A$
> > > > > >
> > > > > > > > Sofia, my question is: Why are you using ICA in the context
> of
> > > > > > > > HEP? You generally want to keep ECG-related activity for
> HEP. Do
> > > > > > > > you suspect
> > > > > > > > the HEP
> > > > > > > > is a CFA? I have wondered about that but haven't found a
> work-around.
> > > > > > > >
> > > > > > > > Curious to hear more on this!
> > > > > > > >
> > > > > > > > Cedric Cannard
> > > > > > > >
> > > > > > > > On Thursday, August 1st, 2024 at 7:08 AM, Richards, John via
> > > > > > > > eeglablist <
> > > > > > > > eeglablist at sccn.ucsd.edu> wrote:
> > > > > > > >
> > > > > > > > > Don't include ECG in the EEG signal for ICA. For various
> > > > > > > > > technical reasons (amplitude, frequency, signal spikes,
> > > > > > > > > location) and
> > > > > > > > > theoretical
> > > > > > > > > ones (its NOT a brain signal; you want to correlate ECG
> and EEG).
> > > > > > > > >
> > > > > > > > > See poster by Wanze Xie at ICIS, or contact him. He has
> > > > > > > > > synchronized cardiac cycles and ERPs. His techniques might
> be
> > > > > > > > > useful and he has
> > > > > > > > > some
> > > > > > > > > very interesting VEP/cardiac cycle data.
> > > > > > > > >
> > > > > > > > > John
> > > > > > > > >
> > > > > > > > > ***********************************************
> > > > > > > > > John E. Richards
> > > > > > > > > Carolina Distinguished Professor Department of Psychology
> > > > > > > > > University of South Carolina Columbia, SC 29208 Dept
> Phone: 803
> > > > > > > > > 777 2079
> > > > > > > > > Fax: 803 777 9558
> > > > > > > > > Email: richards-john at sc.edu
> > > > > >
> > > > > >
> https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://jerlab.sc.edu/__;!!Mih3wA!B4rXaMGV
> > > > > >
> hHYr_2oHmmQc94PJcfhiYYPWsZNqJtpm0CRKhOTeHaXWrkUCGI-mcxaW1b2qR1YWJv1lJr
> > > > > > PrNV29FIao1z4gCQ$
> > > > > >
> > > > > > > > > ***********************************************
> > > > > > > > >
> > > > > > > > > -----Original Message-----
> > > > > > > > > From: eeglablist eeglablist-bounces at sccn.ucsd.edu On
> Behalf Of
> > > > > > > > > Sofia Amaoui via eeglablist
> > > > > > > > >
> > > > > > > > > Sent: Thursday, August 1, 2024 8:54 AM
> > > > > > > > > To: eeglablist at sccn.ucsd.edu
> > > > > > > > > Subject: [Eeglablist] ECG Channel Inclusion in ICA and
> ICLabel
> > > > > > > > > Steps
> > > > > > > > >
> > > > > > > > > Dear all,
> > > > > > > > >
> > > > > > > > > We are conducting a Heart-Evoked Potential (HEP) study
> using EEG
> > > > > > > > > signals
> > > > > > > > > that are time-locked to R-peak via ECG. Our preprocessing
> > > > > > > > > pipeline
> > > > > > > > > is being
> > > > > > > > > implemented with EEGLAB, including the ERPLAB and HEPLAB
> > > > > > > > > plugins. As
> > > > > > > > > part
> > > > > > > > > of this process, we employ Independent Component Analysis
> (ICA)
> > > > > > > > > and
> > > > > > > > > ICLabel
> > > > > > > > > to identify ocular and cardiac field artefacts (CFA).
> > > > > > > > >
> > > > > > > > > A key question has arisen regarding including the ECG
> channel in
> > > > > > > > > the
> > > > > > > > > ICA
> > > > > > > > > and ICLabel steps. Our preliminary findings show that when
> we
> > > > > > > > > include it,
> > > > > > > > > CFA classification is much higher.
> > > > > > > > >
> > > > > > > > > We are seeking your insights on whether the inclusion of
> the ECG
> > > > > > > > > channel
> > > > > > > > > is aiding in the identification of CFA components or if it
> might
> > > > > > > > > be compromising EEG information of interest by focusing on
> > > > > > > > > identifying
> > > > > > > > > and
> > > > > > > > > removing CFA.
> > > > > > > > >
> > > > > > > > > Thank you for your time and assistance.
> > > > > > > > >
> > > > > > > > > Best regards,
> > > > > > > > >
> > > > > > > > > Sofia Amaoui,
> > > > > > > > > _______________________________________________
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